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The empire of the Mexican (or Aztecs whilst the Spanish called them) fell to Hernan Cortez and his conquistadors in 1521. Just a couple of, short years afterwards the Aztec temples were obliterated and invaluable records such as friar Bernardino de Sahagun's codices, (a twelve volume encyclopedia of Aztec life and culture) secreted and gathering dust.

It was in 1790, when widespread interest in Mexico's pre-Hispanic past was awakened because of an astonishing artifact that was uncovered during the renovation of "El Zocalo," Mexico city's central plaza. It was a massive disk of carved basalt, three feet thick and 12 feet in diameter, weighing some 24 metric tons. The Mexican Aztec free calendar is recognized as a veritable monument to Mexican art and science. The monolith stayed at the Zocalo, for viewing in the foundation of the Metropolitan Cathedral. About 100 years afterwards it was transferred to Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology, where it still stands as the Museum's centerpiece. This intricately carved hieroglyphs was labeled the Mexican Aztec free calendar Stone. In current thought, the Stone of the Fifth Sun is recognized as a far more apt moniker. Scholars have long debated the stone's meaning and purpose and continue to be puzzled over its mysteries. Today most agree that it offers a graphic representation of the Mexica cosmos.

The outer rim of the stone shows two fire serpents assembly fave to manage at the lower extreme. Their tails are joined at the top with the symbol for the ritual date 13-Reed, considered to signify the creation possibly corresponding to 1011A.D. The middle of the stone reveals the sun god Tonatuih. His tongue by means of a sacrificial flint knife, protrudes from between his bared teeth, while in each claw-like hand, he grasps a humane heart. The god is surrounded by four glyphs symbolizing the cataclysms that finished each of the previous solar eras. Depending on Mexican belief, earth's first inhabitants were devoured by jaguars. The death of the next sun brought destruction by great winds. The third period ended with fiery rain, while the fourth sun was extinguished by huge floods.

These symbols, with the image of Tonatuih, are neatly contained in the subjective concept for motion called ollin. It's surmised that the Mexican Aztec free calendar shows the predicted day of destruction for 'El Quinto Sol' during a 4-Ollin cycle. The Mexicas tried to keep their era, forestalling catastrophe by sating the gods with myriad rituals and sacrifices, including a regular diet of human blood.

The formula where the two free calendars were combined meant that no one date could be repeated for a period of 18,980 days. Therefore, the the last day of a solar cycle and the last day of a sacred cycle coincided only once every 52 years. It was with this auspicious time that 'El Quinto Sol' was considered in greatest danger of extinction. An effective New Fire ceremony would insure the reappearance of the orb and continued survival of human civilization.